Brief Background: Several species of Sambucus produce elderberries. Most research and publications refer to Sambucus nigra. Other species with similar chemical components include the American elder or common elder (Sambucus canadensis), antelope brush (Sambucus tridentata), blue elderberry (Sambucus caerulea), danewort (Sambucus ebulus), dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus), red-fruited elder (Sambucus pubens, Sambucus racemosa), and Sambucus formosana. American elder (S. canadensis) and European Elder (S. nigra) are often discussed simultaneously in the literature since they have many of the same uses and contain common constituents. European elder grows up to 30 feet tall, is native to Europe, but has been naturalized to the Americas. Historically, the flowers and leaves have been used for pain relief, swelling/inflammation, diuresis (urine production), and as a diaphoretic or expectorant. The leaves have been used externally for sitz baths. The bark, when aged, has been used as a diuretic, laxative, or emetic (to induce vomiting). The berries have been used traditionally in food as flavoring, and in the preparation of elderberry wine and pies. Strength of Expert Opinion and Historic/Folkloric Precedent: Historically, the leaves have been considered to relieve pain and promote healing when applied as a poultice. Native Americans used elder for infections, coughs and skin conditions. Elderflower has been used as an insect repellent. When mixed with sage, lemon juice, vinegar and honey, elder has been used as a gargle for coughs, headcolds, laryngitis, flu-like symptoms, and shortness of breath. It has been used on the skin as an astringent in rheumatism and for swelling/inflammation. When mixed with peppermint and honey, hot elder has been used to induce diaphoresis to treat colds. Ancient Egyptians used elder flowers to improve complexion and heal burns. Elder extracts are used as flavoring in foods and beverages, in perfumes, hair dyes, scented ointments, skin lotions, and insect repellent. Elder has also been used in wine, pies, and lemonade. Elder berries whole         Back